Peking Review 1958-1978

Always keep a firm grip on the rifle

Always keep a firm grip on the rifle

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Peking Review

Soon after Chairman Mao made the Declaration of the of the People’s Republic of China in Tienanmen Square on 1st October 1949 the Communist Party of China decided that the production of a regular magazine, which would tell the world what the Chinese were attempting to create in their country, was of paramount importance. From January 1950 a magazine called People’s China was produced fortnightly until the end of 1957. This was superseded by the weekly magazine Peking Review.

Peking Review (in English) was first published in March 1958 and then continued, on a weekly basis, until the first issue of 1979 (January 5th) when it was re-branded as Beijing Review.

Unfortunately the new name also presaged a new direction. From being a revolutionary magazine, presenting the ideas and aspirations of a young (and relatively weak) Socialist state struggling along the road to the construction of Communism it has now become the open statement of aims of an outright capitalist and imperialist state – with global ambitions.

As Mao famously wrote; ‘a revolution is not a dinner party’ (Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan (March 1927), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 28.) and this means that from the very beginning the new Socialist state had to face many obstacles. There is opposition from within and without the country, from within and without the Party. Those who might have played an important role in the past in the fight for liberation are not necessarily the ones who are needed to build a radically new society. All revolutionaries bring with them the baggage of the capitalist past – some find it more difficult than others to throw off that hindrance. 

A study of all revolutions shows this to be the case and, learning from the experience of the past, Chairman Mao promoted the Cultural Revolution (which started in 1966) to expose such elements within the Party and Government structure – at all levels. This means that in the early editions of Peking Review articles written by, or about, certain individuals who were later denounced and condemned appear. Not all of what they said at that time might have been incorrect but as the struggle to build Socialism intensifies the contradictions between them and the revolutionary wing of the Party and people will inevitably come into conflict. And all conflict must have a resolution.  

All the issues that covered the revolutionary period, which included important developments such as ‘The Great Leap Forward’; the collectivisation of the countryside; the industrialisation of a previously backward, feudal society; developments in education, social welfare, health and culture; and, especially, ‘The Great Socialist Cultural Revolution’ are all documented in the pages of Peking Review from 1958-1976.

Very soon after the death of Chairman Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong), on 9th September 1976, those achievements came under attack by the ‘capitalist roaders’ (represented by the arch-traitor to the Chinese workers and peasants, Teng Hsiao-ping (Deng Xiaoping) and not so gradually those achievements were turned into the ‘primitive accumulation’ of the present day Chinese billionaires.

For a look at the development of literature, art and culture during the Socialist period of China’s past you can do worse than have a look at the issues of Chinese Literature.

Available issues of Peking Review:

1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978

Beijing Review

From issue No. 1 of 1979 the weekly political and informative magazine Peking Review changed its name to Beijing Review. On page 3 of that number the editors made the open declaration of the change in the direction of the erstwhile ‘People’s Republic of China’.

By stating that the Communist Party of China (under the control then of Teng Hsiao-Ping/Deng Xiaoping ) sought ‘to accomplish socialist modernisation by the end of the century and turn China …. into an economically developed and fully democratic socialist country’ the CPC was openly declaring the rejection of the revolutionary path, which the country had been following since 1949, and the adoption of the road that would inevitably lead to the full scale establishment of capitalism.

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JV Stalin – Collected Works

JV Stalin

JV Stalin

More on the USSR

The Great ‘Marxist-Leninist’ Theoreticians

JV Stalin – Collected Works

Some readers might be surprised to learn that it wasn’t until after the victory of the Soviet Union over the Hitlerite invaders in the Great Patriotic War that a decision was made, by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) (CPSU(B), to work on publishing the complete writings of the Secretary General of the Party.   

(For information about Stalin’s life, especially as it was represented in the art created in the Soviet Union before the Revisionists and reactionaries were able to gain control of the country, can be seen in the Stalin Museum in Gori.)

Many speeches and articles had appeared soon after they were written as part of the process in which the CPSU(B) sought to make its policies and plans as widely known as possible amongst the population of the Soviet Union. Many of these documents (as were other pamphlets and books produced about developments within first Socialist state) were published in other languages under the task taken upon itself by the Foreign Languages Publishing House in Moscow. At no other time in the past, or since, has a nation attempted to tell the world about what it was hoping to achieve in such a systematic manner. 

The writings of JV Stalin were part of this process but even after the decision in 1946 to collate all of his works in a chronological manner the task wasn’t rushed through. The plan to publish a total of 16 volumes was completed in the various languages of the Soviet Union but the publication of the English version was stopped after Volume 13 saw the light of day in 1955. This move by the Khruschevite Revisionists, in preparation for their denial of revolutionary Marxism-Leninism – which came out in the open at the 20th Party Congress in 1956 – was an attempt to deny a wider dissemination of the thoughts and ideas of the great, though flawed, Marxist-Leninist leader, the most preeminent in the International Communist Movement at the time.

At least when it came to the works of JV Stalin there was a Russian version which could be translated into other languages for the benefit of Communists throughout the world. The task of Marxist-Leninist-Maoists to compile an accurate and comprehensive collection of the later writings of Chairman Mao Tse-tung was made more difficult, after his death in 1976, by the rapid pace with which the ‘Chinese Revisionists and Capitalist-roaders’ were able to seize the reigns of political and economic power in the country.

This page will (ultimately) contain all the available works of Joseph Stalin whether they be in compilations or published as individual pamphlets, and by a wide variety of groups and publishing houses throughout the world.

The 13 volumes that were published in Moscow by the Foreign Languages Publishing House between 1952 and 1955 have been scanned by the comrades at Marx2Mao – we thank then for their work and effort. These have been scanned in the pdf processed format which results in much smaller sized files but has the potential of introducing typographical errors – it is hoped that any such errors do not crucially effect the contents. Once all the scans have been added to the page there will be the opportunity to compare these volumes with some versions scanned in pdf image format. 

Volume 1 contains an interesting Preface, written by the author, where Comrade Stalin puts his writings in the early period into a personal, development, context as well as explaining the struggles that were going on in the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (later to become the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)). This Preface was written in January 1946 whilst the English edition didn’t appear until some time in 1952. Whether the original, Russian edition contained an Author’s Preface in subsequent volumes I don’t know. What is clear, however, is that what would have been a useful introduction to each volume doesn’t exist in the English edition. 

Also on this site you can find the Works of;

Karl Marx and Frederick Engels

VI Lenin

Mao Tse-tung

Enver Hoxha.

For more on JV Stalin;

Biographies, Reminiscences and Appraisals

JV Stalin pamphlets, compilations, articles, correspondence and commentaries

The Collected Works

Volume 1 – 1901-107

Contents of Volume 1

Volume 2 – 1907-1913

Contents of Volume 2

Volume 3 – 1917 March-October     

Contents of Volume 3

Volume 4 – November 1917-1920

Contents of Volume 4

Volume 5 – 1921-1923

Contents of Volume 5

Volume 6 – 1924

Contents of Volume 6

Volume 7 – 1925

Contents of Volume 7

Volume 8 – January-November 1926

Contents of Volume 8

Volume 9 – December 1926-July 1927

Contents of Volume 9

Volume 10 – August-December 1927

Contents of Volume 10

Volume 11 – 1928-March 1929

Contents of Volume 11

Volume 12 – April 1929-June 1930

Contents of Volume 12

Volume 13 – July 1930-January 1934

Contents of Volume 13

There’s a compilation of the Table of Contents of these 13 ‘official’ volumes of Stalin’s Works, as well as Volume 14 that follows.

The ‘official’ collection stopped at 13 but that left three volumes not available in English – or other non-Soviet languages. One of those three, Vol.15, was to be the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks). It’s publication would have been a repeat as it had been published first in 1939 (in English) and in a number of other editions before the death of Stalin in 1953. That will be found below.

Volume 16 was to be a series of documents related to the Great Patriotic War – speeches, Orders of the Day, addresses to the people, etc. 

Volume 14 was due to cover the period 1934-1940 and, according to the Preface in Vol 1, would contain works ‘dealing with the struggle to complete the building of socialism in the USSR, with the creation of the new Constitution of the Soviet Union, and with the struggle for peace in the situation prevailing at the opening of the Second World War’.

However, this was the most economically and politically problematic period in the history of the USSR. Issues of collectivisation and industrialisation would determine the very nature of the Soviet Revolution. Also during this period the Party and its leadership had to resolve the manner in which Marxist-Leninists are to act when faced with an internal counter-revolution, as well as external military aggression and a generally hostile capitalist encirclement (even though those same imperialist states might find common ground with the Socialist state at a particular period of time).  

For reasons I have yet to understand even whilst Stalin was at the head of the Party there was an idea that material related to this period should not be made public. There must have been a vast amount of material, reports, documents which were discussed at innumerable meetings, etc., before the attack by the Hitlerites. All this must be somewhere but little has surfaced after the so-called ‘opening’ of the secret files.

Stalin was meticulous in the way he analysed a situation (like Lenin) and six years of his work in a few hundred pages is just not possible.

Volumes 1-13 were reproduced by a publishing house based in London in the early 1970s, Red Star Press. This was funded by Greek Marxist-Leninists at the time. They also produced a small number of other interesting documents about the ‘what-came-to-nothing’ resurgence of a Marxist-Leninist Communist Party in the Soviet Union. (Those documents will eventually appear on this blog.) What happened to Red Star Press and when I do not know. However, I thank them – 40 years in the future – for the work they did at the time. 

However, when it came to the ‘missing’ volumes they didn’t follow the original, Soviet plan. Volumes 14-16 contain a collection of writings, speeches, messages, orders and reports from 1934-1952 – but many of these documents were short and an invaluable resource for historians but lack depth for a greater understanding of the decisions made and the policy direction in the Soviet Union at the time. They appear below. One volume (17) contained the correspondence between Stalin and the US Presidents and UK Prime Ministers he had to deal with during the Great Patriotic War. That correspondence can be found on JV Stalin pamphlets, compilations, articles, correspondence and commentaries. Volume 18 was a reprint of the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks). This is reproduced below in an original 1939 FLPH edition.

Volume 14 – 1934-1940

Contents of Volume 14

Volume 15 – July 1941-November 1944

Contents of Volume 15

Volume 16 – November 1944-1952

Contents of Volume 16

History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)

The History of the Party from its earliest days at the end of the 19th century until the just after the liquidation of the remnants of the Bukharin-Trotsky Gang of Spies at the time of the time of the adoption of the new Constitution in 1937.

Index of the History of the CPSU (Bolsheviks)

There was no Index included in the original book but a separate index was published by Lawrence and Wishart for the English edition.

On the Organization of Party Propaganda in Connection with the Publication of the History of the CPSU(B) Short Course – this was produced as a study guide to the History.

More on the USSR

The Great ‘Marxist-Leninist’ Theoreticians

Medicine and health care in Socialist China

Barefoot Doctor

Barefoot Doctor

More on China …..

Medicine and health care in Socialist China

Medicine for the people was one of the many achievements during the Chinese construction of Socialism in the years 1949-1976. This was all part of the policy of the ‘iron rice bowel’ – where the Chinese citizens were guaranteed the basics of life which included; employment, housing, education, health social welfare and dignity in retirement. 

The advances in health care came from a joining of traditional Chinese methods with the advances in science and technology. This meant a radical re-think in how these services would be provided in the most populous country on the planet and where the majority of people lived in the countryside. Training you men and women to be ‘barefoot doctors’ was one of the revolutionary innovations in this battle to bring decent health care to the peasants working in the collective farms and Communes.

This structure which provided health care to all Chinese as of right was quickly dismantled throughout the country when Deng Xiaoping promoted – and had accepted by a large part of the population – the philosophy of ‘To get rich is glorious’. 

At the same time, in the late 1970s, much health care was privatised, standards of care fell and the differences between the town and the country diverged rapidly. Now, in present day China, the state (realising that this was one area where discontent could breed opposition) has started to institute a system of health insurance. This is far from the system that existed during the revolutionary period and when faced with health problems many ‘self-medicate’ – visit a pharmacy and buy expensive drugs which might be cheaper than paying for proper care – which only goes to benefit international drug companies.

The publications below give an idea of what existed in the country pre-1978.

The Scalpel and the Sword, The story of Norman Bethune, Ted Allan and Sydney Gordon, Panther Press, Leipzig, 1952, 395 pages. More historical than about the treatment of health after the Declaration of the People’s Republic of China in October 1949. This is a biography of the Canadian surgeon Norman Bethune who went to China to support the people during the wars of liberation and who dies of blood-poisoning in the front line in 1939. His actions were seen as the height of international revolutionary solidarity.

Medical workers serving the people wholeheartedly, FLP, Peking, 1971, 114 pages.

Acupuncture Anaesthesia, FLP, Peking, 1972, 26 pages. Acupuncture used traditional skills and had the advantage of being relatively cheap to administer and avoided over prescription of modern drugs.

Exploring the secrets of treating deaf-mutes, FLP, Peking, 1972, 35 pages. Acupuncture was also used in the treatment of deafness.

Scaling peaks in medical science, FLP, Peking, 1972, 68 pages.

An Outline of Chinese Acupuncture, The Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, FLP, Peking, 1975, 305 pages. A major publication providing accurate information on the many hundreds of points on the body and how stimulation of those areas through acupuncture could have positive effects in the fight against certain illnesses.

Two diagrams showing the major acupuncture points.

The Frequently-used Points of the Frontal Aspect of the Human Body

The Frequently-used Points of the Frontal Aspect of the Human Body

The Frequently-used Points of the Dorsal Aspect of the Human Body

The Frequently-used Points of the Dorsal Aspect of the Human Body

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The story of Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fu Wei-kang, FLP, Peking, 1975, 40 pages. A short history of the traditional Chinese methods of dealing with certain illnesses.

Creating a New Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology, FLP, Peking, 1977, 82 pages. The blending of the traditional and modern science and technology in the treatment of the people.

Medical care for China’s millions, Supplement to Chine Reconstructs, No 10, October, 1978, FLP, Peking, 1978, 76 pages.

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